How to Get Cat Pee Out of Leather Shoes: 10 Genius Tricks to Save Your Shoes!

Many pet owners struggle with cat urine on leather shoes, which may be costly. If not treated immediately, cat urine can permanently harm leather, not just the smell. The chemical makeup of cat urine and leather’s fragility make this a difficult cleaning job. We’ll discuss how to remove cat urine off leather shoes, prevent future accidents, and understand why cats do this in this complete guide. Whether you’re coping with a fresh accident or recovering shoes from a past one, this essay can help you handle this common but difficult scenario.

How to Get Cat Pee Out of Leather Shoes: 10 Genius Tricks to Save Your Shoes!

1. The Enzyme Encapsulation Method

This advanced technique uses specialized enzymatic cleaners with encapsulation technology:

• Mix one part enzymatic cleaner with two parts distilled water
• Apply using a fine mist sprayer for even coverage
• Let sit for exactly 15 minutes – timing is crucial
• Blot with microfiber cloth using a rolling motion
• Allow to air dry, then repeat if necessary

Pro Tip: The encapsulation process traps odor molecules, making them easier to remove completely rather than just masking the smell.

2. The Vinegar-Baking Soda Volcano Reaction

This two-step chemical reaction helps break down urine compounds:

• Create a paste with baking soda and a few drops of water
• Apply paste to affected areas
• Spray white vinegar directly onto the paste
• Let the foam reaction work for 5-7 minutes
• Wipe clean with a damp cloth
• Follow with leather conditioner

Pro Tip: The bubbling action helps lift deep-set stains while neutralizing odors.

3. The Citrus Enzyme Booster

Natural citrus enzymes enhance commercial cleaners:

• Mix fresh lemon juice with enzyme cleaner (3:1 ratio)
• Add 2 drops of orange essential oil
• Apply mixture using cotton balls
• Cover with plastic wrap for 2 hours
• Remove and air dry
• Buff with leather conditioner

Pro Tip: Citrus enzymes break down protein bonds in urine while being gentle on leather.

4. The Oxygen Boost Treatment

Using oxygen-based cleaners safely:

• Mix hydrogen peroxide (3%) with water (1:1)
• Add one drop of dish soap
• Test on a hidden area first
• Apply with a soft brush using circular motions
• Let sit for 10 minutes
• Wipe clean and condition

Pro Tip: The oxygen molecules help break down urine crystals without bleaching the leather.

5. The Absorption Method

This technique draws out deep-set urine:

• Layer kitty litter over affected areas
• Cover with plastic wrap
• Leave overnight (8-12 hours)
• Remove and brush away residue
• Clean with leather cleaner
• Condition thoroughly

Pro Tip: The same properties that make kitty litter absorb in the box work to pull urine from leather.

6. The UV Light Treatment

Using ultraviolet light to target hidden spots:

• Use a blacklight to identify all affected areas
• Mark spots with chalk
• Apply enzyme cleaner precisely to marked areas
• Cover with damp cloth
• Leave under UV light for 30 minutes
• Clean and condition

Pro Tip: UV light breaks down urine molecules while helping to identify all affected areas.

7. The Tea Tree Triple Threat

Combining antimicrobial properties with cleaning power:

• Mix tea tree oil, white vinegar, and water (1:2:2)
• Apply with cotton swabs
• Let sit for 20 minutes
• Wipe with damp cloth
• Apply leather conditioner
• Repeat if needed

Pro Tip: Tea tree oil’s natural antimicrobial properties help prevent mold growth after cleaning.

8. The Salt Crystal Method

Using salt’s natural drawing properties:

• Create a paste with coarse salt and water
• Apply thickly to affected areas
• Cover with paper towel
• Press gently to ensure contact
• Leave for 4-6 hours
• Brush away and clean

Pro Tip: Salt crystals draw out moisture and urine while helping to preserve leather’s texture.

9. The Steam Extraction Technique

Using controlled steam to deep clean:

• Hold steam cleaner 6 inches from surface
• Steam for 3-5 seconds
• Blot immediately with microfiber cloth
• Apply enzyme cleaner
• Let dry completely
• Condition leather

Pro Tip: Use only on sturdy leather and test in an inconspicuous area first.

10. The Glycerin Shield Method

Creating a protective barrier while cleaning:

• Mix equal parts glycerin and enzyme cleaner
• Apply with soft brush
• Cover with wax paper
• Leave for 1 hour
• Remove and buff
• Apply leather protector

Pro Tip: Glycerin helps maintain leather’s moisture while the enzymes work on the stain.

Understanding Why Cats Urinate on Shoes

The Science Behind Cat Marking Behavior

A normal instinct with several uses in their behavioral repertoire is cats marking their territory by urinating. Deeply ingrained in their wild background, where survival depended on marking territory, this habit is When a cat urinates on shoes, they are not only cleaning themselves but also conveying a complicated message to other cats and therefore claiming their presence in the surroundings.

Common Triggers for Inappropriate Urination

• Stress and anxiety from environmental changes
• Medical conditions such as urinary tract infections
• Territory marking, especially in multi-cat households
• Response to new items or unfamiliar scents
• Changes in routine or living situation

The Chemical Composition of Cat Urine

Understanding the chemical makeup of cat urine is crucial for effective cleaning:

Component	Description	Impact on Leather
Urea	Primary waste product	Can cause discoloration
Urobilin	Yellow pigment	Creates staining
Uric Acid	Crystallizing compound	Causes persistent odor
Pheromones	Chemical messengers	Attracts repeated marking
Creatinine	Muscle breakdown product	Contributes to staining

Immediate Actions When You Discover Cat Urine

Time is of the Essence

When you find cat urine on your leather shoes, time becomes crucial. Taking prompt action can determine whether you can salvage your shoes or need to replace them completely. Immediate response helps prevent:

• Deep penetration into leather fibers
• Formation of permanent stains
• Development of persistent odors
• Structural damage to the leather

Initial Clean-up Steps

1. Blot excess urine with paper towels
2. Avoid rubbing the affected area
3. Remove laces and insoles if possible
4. Allow air circulation around the shoes
5. Document the extent of the damage for reference

Essential Supplies for Cleaning Cat Urine

Commercial Products

Enzymatic Cleaners

• Purpose-specific enzyme formulations:
  • Protease for protein breakdown
  • Lipase for fat decomposition
  • Amylase for organic matter
• Recommended brands and features:
  • Nature’s Miracle Leather Formula
  • Leather Master Strong Cleaner
  • Professional Strength Urine Destroyer
• Application-specific variants:
  • Deep penetration formulas
  • Quick-action solutions
  • Long-lasting treatments

Leather-Specific Solutions

• pH-balanced cleaners (5.5-6.5 pH)
• Specialized leather formulations:
  • Aniline leather cleaners
  • Nubuck solutions
  • Suede-specific products
• Professional-grade options:
  • Concentrated formulas
  • Industrial strength cleaners
  • Restoration products

Odor Neutralizers

• Chemical neutralizers:
  • Molecular binding agents
  • Oxidizing compounds
  • Absorption technology
• Bio-enzymatic products:
  • Live bacteria formulas
  • Natural enzyme cultures
  • Time-release actions
• Professional-grade deodorizers:
  • Industrial strength
  • Long-lasting protection
  • Deep penetrating action

pH-Balanced Conditioners

• Leather-specific formulations:
  • Natural oils content
  • Balanced moisture retention
  • Protective properties
• Types available:
  • Cream conditioners
  • Liquid conditioners
  • Spray conditioners
• Special features:
  • UV protection
  • Color enhancement
  • Water resistance

Natural Cleaning Ingredients

White Vinegar

• Types recommended:
  • Distilled white vinegar (5% acidity)
  • Cleaning vinegar (6% acidity)
  • Industrial strength (10% acidity)
• Usage specifications:
  • Dilution ratios
  • Application methods
  • Safety considerations

Baking Soda

• Grades available:
  • Food grade
  • Technical grade
  • Pharmaceutical grade
• Storage requirements:
  • Airtight containers
  • Moisture-free environment
  • Temperature control

Hydrogen Peroxide

• Concentration guidelines:
  • 3% solution only
  • Dilution requirements
  • Storage conditions
• Safety precautions:
  • Light protection
  • Temperature control
  • Application methods

Essential Oils

• Recommended types:
  • Tea tree oil
  • Lavender oil
  • Eucalyptus oil
• Usage guidelines:
  • Dilution ratios
  • Compatibility testing
  • Application methods

Distilled Water

• Importance of purity:
  • Mineral-free content
  • pH neutral
  • Chemical-free
• Storage requirements:
  • Clean containers
  • Temperature control
  • Usage tracking

Tools and Materials

Soft Cloths and Microfiber Towels

• Types needed:
  • Lint-free cloths
  • Microfiber towels
  • Cotton cloths
• Specific uses:
  • Application
  • Blotting
  • Drying
• Care instructions:
  • Washing methods
  • Storage requirements
  • Replacement schedule

Cotton Swabs

• Types required:
  • Precision tips
  • Double-ended
  • Extra-absorbent
• Usage guidelines:
  • Detailed cleaning
  • Seam treatment
  • Spot applications

Spray Bottles

• Specifications:
  • Fine mist capability
  • Adjustable nozzle
  • Chemical-resistant
• Size options:
  • Small (2-4 oz)
  • Medium (8-16 oz)
  • Large (32 oz)

Leather Brush

• Types needed:
  • Soft bristle
  • Medium bristle
  • Special application
• Material specifications:
  • Natural bristles
  • Synthetic options
  • Combination types

Protective Gloves

• Material options:
  • Nitrile
  • Latex
  • Vinyl
• Features needed:
  • Chemical resistance
  • Proper fit
  • Durability
• Safety considerations:
  • Allergies
  • Chemical compatibility
  • Disposal methods

Step-by-Step Cleaning Methods

Method 1: Enzymatic Cleaner Approach

Initial Testing Phase

• Select a small, hidden area of the shoe
• Apply a tiny amount of enzymatic cleaner
• Wait 24 hours to observe any reactions
• Check for:
  • Color changes
  • Texture alterations
  • Material response
  • Any adverse reactions

Application Process

• Remove laces and insoles
• Clean surrounding area first
• Use a soft cloth or sponge applicator
• Apply cleaner in circular motions
• Ensure even coverage
• Pay extra attention to seams and stitching

Enzyme Activation Period

• Maintain optimal temperature (68-72°F)
• Keep area slightly damp for enzyme activity
• Cover with plastic wrap if needed
• Monitor progress every 5 minutes
• Look for signs of enzyme action:
  • Bubble formation
  • Color changes
  • Odor reduction

Blotting Technique

• Use white, lint-free cloths
• Press firmly but don’t rub
• Change cloth sections frequently
• Work from outside to center
• Check cloth for color transfer
• Continue until cloth comes away clean

Repeat Treatment Process

• Assess results after first treatment
• Document areas needing additional attention
• Adjust cleaner concentration if needed
• Focus on stubborn spots
• Monitor leather condition
• Allow drying between applications

Method 2: Natural Cleaning Solution

Vinegar Solution Preparation

• Use white distilled vinegar only
• Mix with distilled water (1:1 ratio)
• Test pH level if possible (aim for 6-7)
• Store in spray bottle
• Label and date the mixture
• Make fresh solution for each use

Application Methods

• Use fine mist sprayer
• Keep solution away from untreated areas
• Apply in thin, even layers
• Work in small sections
• Monitor leather response
• Maintain consistent coverage

Baking Soda Treatment

• Use fresh baking soda
• Sift to remove lumps
• Apply even layer
• Cover affected areas completely
• Avoid excess accumulation
• Create protective barrier around treatment area

Waiting Period Management

• Maintain room temperature
• Avoid air disturbance
• Check periodically for:
  • Moisture levels
  • Color changes
  • Reaction progress
  • Odor reduction

Residue Removal Process

• Use soft-bristled brush
• Work in circular motions
• Vacuum loose powder
• Check for remaining residue
• Remove all traces of baking soda
• Inspect for complete cleaning

Method 3: Professional Treatment

Comprehensive Damage Assessment

• Document extent of damage
• Photograph affected areas
• Test leather type and condition
• Evaluate:
  • Age of stain
  • Depth of penetration
  • Structural integrity
  • Color damage
  • Odor intensity

Deep Cleaning Protocol

• Pre-treatment preparation
• Surface cleaning
• Deep penetration cleaning
• pH balancing
• Leather specific treatments
• Multiple stage cleaning process

Advanced Stain Removal

• Chemical spot treatment
• Ultrasonic cleaning
• Color restoration
• Texture preservation
• Grain pattern maintenance
• Professional-grade solutions

Professional Odor Neutralization

• Molecular odor neutralizers
• Ozone treatment
• Enzyme application
• Deep penetration methods
• Multiple-stage deodorizing
• Residual odor prevention

Expert Leather Restoration

• Color matching
• Texture restoration
• Grain pattern repair
• Surface refinishing
• Structural reinforcement
• Professional conditioning

Protective Treatment Application

• Base coat application
• Moisture barrier
• UV protection
• Stain resistance
• Water repellent
• Final protective seal

Leather Care After Cleaning

Conditioning Requirements

Professional-Grade Conditioning Process

Initial Assessment

• Evaluate leather dryness
• Check for residual cleaning agents
• Identify particularly damaged areas
• Test leather porosity
• Document pre-conditioning state

Selection of Conditioner

• Choose pH-balanced products
• Consider leather type specifics
• Verify compatibility with cleaning agents
• Select appropriate viscosity
• Match color treatment if needed

Application Techniques

Even Application Method

• Clean hands or wear cotton gloves
• Use soft, lint-free cloths
• Apply in circular motions
• Work in small sections
• Maintain consistent pressure

Focused Treatment Areas

• Double-treat urine-affected spots
• Pay special attention to edges
• Address creased areas carefully
• Treat stitching lines thoroughly
• Consider multiple light layers

Absorption Process

Timing Guidelines

• Initial absorption: 15-30 minutes
• Secondary treatment: 1-2 hours
• Deep conditioning: overnight
• Between-layer waiting time: 30 minutes
• Final curing: 24 hours

Monitoring Signs

• Color deepening
• Texture changes
• Flexibility improvement
• Surface temperature
• Absorption patterns

Repeat Conditioning Protocol

Assessment Criteria

• Touch test results
• Bend test performance
• Color uniformity
• Surface response
• Overall flexibility

Follow-up Treatment

• Spot conditioning as needed
• Regular maintenance schedule
• Preventive treatments
• Touch-up applications
• Long-term care plan

Drying Techniques

Room Temperature Drying

Environmental Controls

• Ideal temperature: 68-72°F (20-22°C)
• Moderate air flow
• Stable environment
• Away from vents
• Protected from drafts

Duration Guidelines

• Initial drying: 6-8 hours
• Deep drying: 24-48 hours
• Conditioning drying: 12 hours
• Final curing: 24 hours
• Total process: 2-3 days

Sunlight and Heat Protection

UV Protection Methods

• Use UV-blocking curtains
• Create shade coverage
• Rotate shoes periodically
• Monitor surface temperature
• Protect from reflected light

Heat Management

• Maintain distance from heat sources
• Check surface temperature regularly
• Avoid heated air flow
• Monitor interior temperature
• Prevent heat buildup

Shoe Tree Implementation

Selection Criteria

• Cedar wood preferred
• Proper size matching
• Split-toe design
• Spring-loaded mechanism
• Moisture-absorbing properties

Usage Guidelines

• Insert while leather is damp
• Adjust tension appropriately
• Position heel properly
• Check pressure points
• Rotate trees periodically

Ventilation Strategies

Air Flow Management

• Create cross ventilation
• Use indirect air movement
• Position for optimal flow
• Avoid forced air
• Maintain consistent circulation

Position Optimization

• Elevated placement
• Space between pairs
• Away from walls
• Clear air path
• Rotating position

Humidity Control

Optimal Levels

• Ideal range: 40-60%
• Minimum: 30%
• Maximum: 70%
• Daily fluctuation limit: ±10%
• Seasonal adjustments

Monitoring Methods

• Use hygrometer
• Check twice daily
• Record measurements
• Observe leather response
• Adjust as needed

Prevention Strategies

Environmental Modifications

Secure Shoe Storage Solutions

Closed Closets and Containers

• Install cat-proof door latches on closets
• Use airtight plastic containers with secure lids
• Purchase shoe cabinets with magnetic closures
• Implement cedar-lined storage boxes (natural deterrent)
• Consider wall-mounted shoe storage above cat reach

Advanced Storage Systems

• Install motion-sensor lights in closets
• Use automatic closing mechanisms on doors
• Implement RFID-locked storage solutions
• Create ventilated storage spaces
• Design dedicated shoe rooms if space permits

Motion-Activated Deterrents

Types of Deterrents

• Ultrasonic devices with adjustable frequencies
• Motion-activated air sprays
• LED light deterrent systems
• Vibration-based warning systems
• Sound-based deterrent devices

Strategic Placement

• Near shoe storage areas
• Around closet entrances
• In frequently marked locations
• Near vulnerable furniture
• Along common cat pathways

Creating Cat-Friendly Spaces

Designated Territory Areas

• Install multiple cat trees
• Create vertical climbing spaces
• Set up window perches
• Provide scratching posts
• Design cozy hiding spots

Comfort Zones

• Place soft bedding in quiet areas
• Create elevated resting spots
• Install cat shelves
• Provide heated beds
• Create outdoor viewing areas

Litter Box Management

Optimal Setup

• One box per cat plus one extra
• Different types of litter boxes
• Various litter substrates
• Strategic location placement
• Regular cleaning schedule

Maintenance Protocol

• Daily scooping routine
• Weekly deep cleaning
• Monthly box replacement
• Litter type rotation
• Sanitization schedule

Behavioral Training

Positive Reinforcement Techniques

Reward-Based Training

• Use high-value treats
• Implement clicker training
• Provide verbal praise
• Offer physical affection
• Create positive associations

Desired Behavior Reinforcement

• Reward proper litter box use
• Acknowledge calm behavior
• Praise territory respect
• Encourage appropriate scratching
• Reinforce positive social interactions

Litter Box Placement Strategy

Location Considerations

• Quiet, low-traffic areas
• Away from food and water
• Multiple floor access
• Easy escape routes
• Private corners

Box Distribution

• Strategic placement throughout home
• Different box types in different locations
• Consideration of mobility issues
• Age-appropriate accessibility
• Social dynamics awareness

Stress Reduction Methods

Environmental Calming

• Use pheromone diffusers
• Install soft lighting
• Play calming music
• Maintain consistent routines
• Create quiet zones

Social Stress Management

• Regulate multi-cat interactions
• Provide individual attention
• Monitor resource competition
• Address territorial disputes
• Manage introduction processes

Environmental Enrichment

Physical Stimulation

• Interactive toys
• Puzzle feeders
• Climbing structures
• Exercise wheels
• Play tunnels

Mental Stimulation

• Training sessions
• Food puzzles
• Hunting games
• Exploration opportunities
• Social interaction activities

Professional Behavioral Consultation

When to Seek Help

• Persistent marking behavior
• Aggressive tendencies
• Stress-related issues
• Multi-cat conflicts
• Complex behavioral problems

Consultation Process

• Initial assessment
• Behavior modification plan
• Environmental evaluation
• Progress monitoring
• Adjustment strategies

When to Seek Professional Help

Shoe Repair Specialists

Extensive Damage Assessment

When leather shoes show severe damage from cat urine, including:

• Deep penetration causing leather delamination
• Multiple layers of leather affected
• Color bleeding or severe discoloration
• Cracking or peeling of the leather surface
• Weakened stitching or sole separation

A professional leather specialist can:

• Perform detailed material analysis
• Use industrial-grade cleaning solutions
• Apply specialized restoration techniques
• Rebuild damaged areas
• Restore color and texture matching

Set-in Stains

Professional intervention is crucial for stains that are:

• Older than 72 hours
• Dark or deeply embedded
• Covering large areas
• Accompanied by mineral deposits
• Resistant to home cleaning methods

Specialists utilize:

• Professional-grade solvents
• Ultrasonic cleaning equipment
• Color restoration processes
• Deep conditioning treatments
• Protective sealants

Valuable or Antique Leather

For high-value shoes, professionals offer:

• Documentation of condition and treatment
• Period-appropriate restoration methods
• Archival-quality materials
• Temperature and humidity-controlled cleaning
• Preservation techniques
• Authentication maintenance

Failed DIY Attempts

When multiple cleaning attempts haven’t worked:

• Professional assessment of accumulated damage
• Evaluation of previous cleaning methods
• Specialized treatment to reverse damage
• Deep cleaning without further harm
• Restoration of leather properties

Structural Integrity Issues

Professional repair for compromised structure includes:

• Framework reinforcement
• Sole reattachment
• Heel stabilization
• Leather rebuilding
• Protective coating application

Veterinary Consultation

Sudden Behavioral Changes

When cats exhibit abrupt urination changes:

• Complete physical examination
• Urinalysis and blood work
• Behavioral assessment
• Environmental stress evaluation
• Medical history review

Warning signs include:

• Change in urination frequency
• Difficulty urinating
• Blood in urine
• Excessive grooming
• Vocalization during urination

Multiple Incidents Pattern

Repeated inappropriate urination requires:

• Tracking and documentation of incidents
• Pattern analysis
• Environmental assessment
• Social interaction evaluation
• Stress factor identification

Veterinarians will examine:

• Timing of incidents
• Location patterns
• Related behavioral changes
• Environmental triggers
• Social dynamics

Health Issues Investigation

Common medical conditions requiring attention:

• Urinary tract infections
• Bladder stones
• Kidney disease
• Diabetes
• Arthritis affecting litter box access

Diagnostic procedures may include:

• Comprehensive blood panels
• Urine culture and sensitivity
• Abdominal ultrasound
• X-rays
• Endocrine testing

Behavioral Changes Analysis

Professional evaluation of:

• Social interaction patterns
• Eating and drinking habits
• Sleep patterns
• Activity levels
• Response to environment

Veterinarians will assess:

• Anxiety levels
• Depression signs
• Aggression indicators
• Territory marking behavior
• Social stress factors

Additional Symptoms Evaluation

Other concerning signs including:

• Changes in appetite
• Weight loss or gain
• Increased thirst
• Lethargy
• Coat condition changes

Comprehensive examination of:

• Overall health status
• Behavioral patterns
• Environmental factors
• Social dynamics
• Physical capabilities

Cost Considerations

DIY Methods vs. Professional Services

Method	Average Cost	Pros	Cons
DIY Enzymatic	$15-30	Affordable, immediate	May need multiple attempts
Natural Solutions	$5-15	Very affordable, readily available	Time-consuming, less effective
Professional Cleaning	$50-150	Guaranteed results, expertise	More expensive, time delay
Replacement	$100+	Fresh start	Most expensive option

FAQ Section

How to clean cat urine from leather shoes?

Blot the leather shoes’ area with a paper towel to remove cat urine. Using a soft cloth, gently clean the region after diluting mild soap with warm water. For worst stains, use a leather cleaning. To keep the shoes’ texture, let them air dry then add a leather conditioner.

Does cat urine ruin leather?

Cat urine can ruin leather if not treated promptly. Its acidic nature can stain, weaken, and discolor the material. The odor can also penetrate deeply, making removal challenging. Immediate cleaning with leather-safe products and conditioners is essential to minimize damage and preserve the leather’s appearance and durability.

How do you get urine smell out of leather shoes?

Blot the leather shoe region and clean with a combination of mild soap and water to eliminate the urine smell. Neutralise smells using a leather-safe enzyme cleaning. Let the shoes dry totally by air. Apply a leather conditioner last to help the item to be restored and protected.

What destroys cat urine smell?

Through their breakdown of uric acid crystals, enzyme-based cleansers efficiently eliminate cat urine smells. Also naturally neutralizing smells are vinegar and baking soda. Steer clear of ammonia-based products since they resemble urine and can draw cats back to the area. Early treatment guarantees greater eradication of odours.

Why has my cat peed in my shoe?

Stress, marking territory, or medical problems, including urinary infections, might cause cats to pee in shoes. Their surroundings, filthy litter boxes, or fear can all set off this behavior. To stop recurrence, make sure your cat feels safe; see a veterinarian about their health; keep a clean litter box.

Conclusion

Eliminating cat urine from leather shoes calls for fast response, correct methods, and occasionally professional help. Your chances of preserving your leather shoes from irreversible damage will be much raised by following the thorough advice in this book. Recall that prevention is always better than cure; by following the advised preventive actions, one can help to prevent next events. Whether you decide on professional or do-it-yourself cleaning, the secret is to act fast and apply suitable cleaning solutions free of damage to the leather. Your leather shoes will be back to their natural beauty and you will be preserving a harmonic relationship with your feline friend by following the correct care and attention.

External Resources:

1. American Veterinary Medical Association: https://www.avma.org/resources/pet-owners/petcare/cat-behavior
2. Leather Conservation Centre: https://www.leatherconservation.org
3. International Cat Care: https://icatcare.org/advice/cat-behavior
4. The Spruce Pets: https://www.thesprucepets.com/cat-behavior-and-training
5. Cornell Feline Health Center: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/cornell-feline-health-center